The global concrete industry is at a pivotal juncture of green transformation, digitalization, and international expansion. In 2023, the global market surpassed USD 450 billion, and over the next five years it is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5–7%, potentially exceeding USD 600 billion by 2030. Market expansion is being driven both by infrastructure demand in developing regions (e.g., Southeast Asia, Africa) and by renovation projects in advanced economies. At the same time, tightening environmental regulations, breakthroughs in low-carbon technologies, and regional market differentiation have become key variables shaping the industry’s trajectory. As the world’s largest single market, China is leveraging the Belt and Road Initiative to deepen its international footprint while simultaneously promoting an upgrade to green building materials and smart manufacturing.
This white paper synthesizes the latest global and regional data and trends in the concrete industry, focusing on market size, five-year outlook, critical technologies, environmental and sustainability innovations, competitive landscape, value-chain dynamics, and relevant policies and regulations.
Major Insights and Key Findings:
This white paper aims to provide concrete-industry stakeholders—manufacturers, investors, and policymakers—with a comprehensive, objective, and professional set of market insights and strategic recommendations.
The global concrete industry is currently in a phase of steady growth. Latest statistics show annual world production of nearly 6 billion cubic meters of concrete, with ready-mix concrete’s penetration rate continuing to rise in construction projects. China, as the world’s largest producer and consumer, has a market exceeding RMB 400 billion and is expected to maintain high activity levels in the coming years. Meanwhile, although growth in North America, Europe, and Japan is slower, demand for high-performance concrete in these advanced markets continues to climb steadily, resulting in an overall landscape defined by significant scale and diversified development.
Over the next five years, the concrete industry is expected to exhibit the following trends:
Rapid economic growth and strong infrastructure investment have created tremendous potential in the Southeast Asian concrete market, particularly in urban renewal and transport projects. However, the region also faces mounting environmental‐compliance challenges.
Growth drivers:
Resource wealth is high, but equipment and technical capabilities vary widely. Over time, technology transfer and joint ventures are expected to drive industry upgrading in select countries.
Infrastructure and housing construction are the main growth engines, producing stable demand—though macroeconomic volatility can introduce uncertainty.
Demographic dividends and rapid urbanization present significant opportunities. Governments have increased infrastructure spending, which should drive fast concrete‐demand growth, though technology adoption and environmental‐regulation enforcement remain challenges.
A mature market with deep commitment to sustainability and green building. Demand for high‐quality, low‐carbon concrete continues to rise as automation and digitalized production become mainstream.
Steady market expansion—especially driven by infrastructure renewal and energy‐efficiency mandates—is pushing the industry toward higher efficiency and lower carbon intensity. The U.S. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act has released over USD 1 trillion for bridges, highways, public transit, and clean‐energy projects, raising the bar for high‐performance concrete and automated production equipment. Competitive differentiation is increasingly based on technological innovation, smart upgrades, and integration with green‐certification systems.
Growth drivers:
Energy revenues are fueling frequent, large‐scale infrastructure and urban‐development projects. National initiatives—such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the UAE’s Expo‐2020 legacy programs—have significantly increased demand for concrete equipment and advanced materials. Extreme climate conditions (high heat, aridity) place higher performance requirements on concrete, driving widespread use of heat-resistant, sulfate-resistant mixes and high-performance admixtures.
Growth drivers:
Centered on Australia and New Zealand, Oceania’s concrete sector is transitioning toward green and intelligent production under the combined pressures of infrastructure upgrading and stricter environmental regulations. Demand for remote-site construction—particularly roads and resource-sector projects—has driven widespread adoption of compact, portable batching plants. Sustained government infrastructure spending and a resilient property market underpin stable market growth.
Growth drivers:
Future Five-Year Trends
Looking ahead, the global concrete industry will be propelled by three overarching themes: greening, digitization, and globalization. Infrastructure demand in emerging economies (Southeast Asia, Africa) and low-carbon transitions in developed regions (Europe, North America) will jointly drive growth. Companies must pay close attention to policy signals (e.g., carbon pricing), breakthrough technologies (e.g., CCUS), and region-specific market strategies.
Concrete production is accelerating its shift from traditional methods toward greener, smarter, automated, and digitalized processes. Notable advancements include:
Green Low-Carbon Technologies: Carbon Neutrality-Driven Disruptive Innovation
Scaled Use of Recycled Aggregates (RCA): The replacement rate of recycled construction waste (e.g., demolished concrete and masonry) is projected to rise from 28% in 2023 to 45% by 2030. Innovations such as microwave activation and nano-silica modification are resolving strength and water-absorption trade-offs. The China Academy of Building Research’s “micropowder activation” technique has achieved C50 compressive strengths in RCA concrete while reducing costs by 30%.
Breakthroughs in Low-carbon Binders: Commercialization of calcium-carbonate concrete (CCC) and alkali-activated slag cement (AAM) has cut CO₂ emissions by 60–80% versus Portland cement. The University of Science and Technology Beijing’s CO₂ mineral-curing method, deployed in Xiong’an New Area, reduces lifecycle carbon footprints by 21 kg/m³ of concrete.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS): Germany’s Heidelberg launched the world’s first CCUS system on a concrete kiln, sequestering 100,000 tonnes of CO₂ annually. In China, CNBM and Conch Cement are advancing “calcium carbide slag substitution” technology to lower clinker emissions below 350 kg CO₂/ton.
Programmable logic controllers (PLC), human-machine interfaces (HMI), IoT sensors, and big-data analytics now enable full-process oversight of mix proportions and mixing cycles—significantly enhancing product consistency and plant throughput.
Intelligent and Digitalization: Revolutionizing End-to-End Process Efficiency
AI-driven Mix Optimization: AI ratio-design models (e.g., those from CSCEC West Construction) have cut cement usage by 12–15% while controlling compressive-strength variability within ±1.5 MPa.
IoT and Digital-twin Applications: Approximately 60% of leading producers employ IoT monitoring to optimize energy use and quality in real time. Glodon’s BIM quantity-takeoff software—holding 41% market share—integrates design-to-construction workflows and slashes settlement cycles by 40%.
Predictive Maintenance & Quality Traceability: Machine-learning–based failure-prediction systems reduce unplanned downtime by 40%. Blockchain platforms are now enabling full-chain traceability of ready-mix quality under newly drafted industry standards.
Ultra-high-performance Concrete (UHPC): With compressive strengths exceeding 200 MPa, UHPC is being used in Saudi Arabia’s NEOM skyscrapers and Shanghai’s sinkhole-site hotel. Ningbo Zhongchun Hi-Tech’s automated welding equipment has driven down UHPC precast-pile costs by 25%.
Self-healing and Responsive Materials: Technologies such as bacteria-encapsulated spores and shape-memory polymers (SMPs) enable crack closure, extending service life by over 20 years. The Chinese Academy of Sciences’ phase-change materials (PCM) in concrete can reduce building energy loads by 30%.
Nanomaterial Enhancers: Carbon nanotubes and nano-silica additions increase concrete impermeability by 50%. The China Academy of Building Research’s nano-concrete has been applied to anti-corrosion works on the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge.
3D Printing & Industrialized Construction Disrupting Traditional Methods
3D-Printed Building Components: In several advanced economies, pilot projects are already underway for 3D printing entire concrete structures. Suzhou Kunlun Green Building Technology achieves a daily print volume of 20 m³—reducing costs by 30% compared to conventional methods. Shanghai Construction Group has demonstrated 24-hour printing of a 200 m² residential unit with dimensional tolerances under 2 mm.
Prefabricated Modular Systems: The fully prefabricated UHPC-reinforced concrete (UHPC-RC) segmental girder technology, honored with a National Science and Technology Progress Award, cuts on-site wet work by 80% and reduces overall construction time by 50%.
Intelligent Construction Equipment:
Deep Utilization of Industrial By-Products: Incorporation rates of steel slag and fly ash have risen to 30%, enabling CNBM (China National Building Material Group) to process over 100 million tonnes of industrial waste annually. Electric-drive mixer trucks now account for 40% of new sales, and by 2030 photovoltaic-powered batching plants are projected to represent 60% of installations.
Full-Component Recycling of Construction Waste: A Shanghai industrial park processes 10 million tonnes of demolition debris per year. Recycled aggregates are repurposed for permeable pavements and subgrade fill, achieving a resource-recovery rate exceeding 90%.
Carbon Credits & Green Finance: According to Minsheng Securities, under ESG investment frameworks concrete producers will issue over CNY 30 billion in green bonds by 2025—offering yields 11.5 percentage points below conventional corporate debt.
Low-Carbon Concrete and Recycled AggregatesBy leveraging nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes), high-efficiency water-reducing admixtures, low-carbon cements, industrial by-products (fly ash, slag powder, steel slag), and recycled aggregates, producers can substantially lower concrete’s carbon footprint—advancing green‐building objectives.
Energy-Saving Equipment & Process OptimizationAdoption of renewable energy sources, waste‐heat recovery systems, and high-efficiency mixers enhances energy utilization while reducing CO₂ emissions. Intelligent process control enables real-time optimization of both energy consumption and product quality. Early-stage mix‐design optimization further minimizes on-site waste.
Wastewater Treatment & Reuse SystemsIntegration of sand-gravel separators and multi‐stage settling pools enables 100% wastewater recycling. Comprehensive collection, purification, and reuse infrastructures control pollutant discharge and dramatically cut fresh‐water demand.
Global suppliers in the concrete sector are markedly increasing R&D investment to drive both technological innovation and industry upgrading.
Smart Construction Control Systems
IoT & Data Analytics
Over the next five years, R&D in the concrete industry will evolve from isolated material improvements to a three-pillar strategy of greening, digitalization, and functionalization:
Policy drivers (e.g., carbon border adjustments) and market demands (e.g., offshore infrastructure) will accelerate technology cycles. To lead tomorrow’s market, companies must pursue cross-value-chain collaboration, capturing first-mover advantages in the low-carbon, digitalized economy.
To drive innovation, manage risk and expand market reach, industry players are adopting a variety of collaborative structures:
Rationale: Combine global technology leadership with local market knowledge to mitigate regulatory and political risk.
Examples:
Rationale: Lead firms partner with upstream raw-material suppliers (mines, chemical producers) to co-develop new materials and standardized mix designs.
Example: LafargeHolcim’s global collaboration with Sika on high-performance supplementary cementitious materials.
Rationale: End-to-end cooperation—from raw-material extraction through production and construction—allows companies to secure feedstock and lock in downstream demand.
Example: CNBM and HeidelbergCement jointly invested in aggregate mines that process over 1 billion tonnes per year, reducing feedstock costs by 20%.
Rationale: Equipment manufacturers customize technology and provide integrated after-sales support, maximizing plant efficiency.
Example: Zoomlion and CSCEC TCC co-developed an AI-driven batching plant that optimizes mix parameters in real time, cutting cement use by 12% and energy consumption by 15%.
Rationale: Joint innovation centers with universities and research institutes tackle frontier topics such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and self-consolidating concrete (SCC).
Example: HeidelbergCement’s partnership with Germany’s Fraunhofer Institutes to develop energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies.
Rationale: Acquiring local mid-sized producers or forming joint ventures with state-owned enterprises accelerates market entry in emerging regions.
Examples:
Rationale: Sharing R&D costs and intellectual property reduces development expense and accelerates technology adoption.
Example: The European Concrete Association (ECA) facilitates member-company cooperation on low-carbon concrete, lowering carbon-capture costs by 30%.
The concrete industry value-chain can be segmented into upstream raw-material supply, midstream production, downstream application markets, and auxiliary service sectors. Its value distribution follows a “smile curve”: low value-add upstream, high concentration midstream, and differentiated premiums downstream.
This segment supplies the fundamental inputs for concrete production.
Cement (35–40% of input cost): Excess capacity and environmental controls cap selling prices; typical gross margins are only 10–15%.
Sand & Aggregate (≈30% of cost): Depletion of natural sand has driven machine-made sand to 65% of total usage, but regional transport costs remain volatile.
Industrial By-products: Incorporating steel slag and fly ash at a 28% rate lowers cement demand while commanding an environmental premium.
Value Characteristics
This core segment transforms inputs into ready-mix concrete, typically via dedicated batching plants or on-site mixers.
Batching Plants (≈60% of industry output value): Smart “lighthouse” plants (e.g., Sany’s automated facility) reduce unit costs by RMB 13/m³ and achieve 29.7% gross margins.
Green Technologies: Processes such as CO₂-mineral curing can cut per-cubic-meter emissions by 21 kg, yielding a 15% price premium.
Value Characteristics
This final stage realizes the product’s value in a wide range of infrastructure, building, and specialty projects.
Infrastructure (43% of demand): High-strength mixes (C60+) for bridges and high-speed rail command 20–30% premiums.
Real Estate (35% of demand): Precast concrete for modular construction yields 25% margins—double that of traditional cast-in-place concrete (12%).
Value Characteristics
Smart Logistics: IoT-driven dispatch cuts transport losses to 1.5% and boosts efficiency 35%; logistics services represent 40% of this segment’s value.
Carbon-Asset Management: Carbon-trading and offset services yield >40% gross margins but depend on policy incentives.
Value Characteristics
Concrete’s value-chain “smile curve” underscores that upstream raw materials offer limited profits, midstream manufacturing—through scale and technology—captures core value, and downstream applications realize premium pricing. Going forward, breakthroughs in green technologies (e.g., CCUS) and digital services (e.g., smart logistics) will be the new engines of value growth, propelling the industry toward higher-end, service-oriented models.
Concrete demand has a high positive correlation with public infrastructure investment. In recent years, governments worldwide have treated infrastructure spending as a key economic stimulus, creating long-term growth momentum for the concrete sector.
| Country/Region | Policy | Description |
|---|---|---|
| United States | Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) | Allocates USD 1.2 trillion for bridges, highways, water systems, and power grids—boosting ready-mix concrete demand. |
| China | 14th Five-Year Plan | Focuses on urbanization, transportation power, and smart-city initiatives—driving large-scale concrete usage. |
| European Union | Recovery and Resilience Facility | Prioritizes green transport and infrastructure—providing funding for low-carbon, high-performance concrete projects. |
| Middle East | Saudi Vision 2030 & UAE 2050 Clean Energy Strategy | Supports major urban developments and industrial parks—demanding high-temperature-resistant and high-strength concrete. |
| India | National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) | Projects USD 1.5 trillion in infrastructure investment—ensuring sustained demand for ready-mix concrete. |
To implement “green efficiency and smart-driven” industry goals, many governments have introduced targeted measures—regulatory, fiscal, and technical—to accelerate the concrete industry’s transformation and upgrade:
Policy Tools:
Support Measures:
Example:
Policy Tools:
Support Measures:
Example:
Policy Tools:
Support Measures:
Example:
The concrete industry is a major source of CO₂ emissions, energy consumption, and airborne dust, making it a primary focus of global environmental policymaking. Regulatory regimes are tightening worldwide, driving the sector toward lower-carbon, cleaner production.
EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): From 2026, imported cement and concrete products will attract a carbon levy, affecting exporting countries such as China and Turkey.
U.S. EPA Air Emissions Standards: Sets strict particulate‐matter limits for concrete batching plants and mandates installation of dust‐collection systems.
China’s Cement Industry Carbon Peak Implementation Plan: Requires coordinated energy‐efficiency improvements and carbon‐reduction measures across cement and concrete producers.
India’s Environmental Protection Laws: Enforce noise, wastewater, and dust limits for concrete plants under a local permitting regime.
Australia’s Clean Air Act: Requires batching sites to install dust‐capture and water‐recycling systems to control fugitive emissions.
Many governments now require green‐building‐materials certification for public‐sector tenders.
Incentives promote use of recycled aggregates and low-carbon cements (e.g., LC³) to close the material loop.
Subsidies, increased floor-area ratios, and energy-savings awards reward low-carbon concrete projects.
Jurisdictions are phasing out plants without environmental controls, mandating “smart + green” production lines.
With global market integration and the internationalization of construction projects, the concrete industry is rapidly aligning with worldwide standards, fostering transparent, certified, and green product and plant practices.
| Standard | Issuing Body | Scope |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 22965 | ISO | Terminology, performance requirements, and factory control for ready-mix concrete |
| EN 206 | European Committee for Standardization (CEN) | Concrete classification, mix design, durability, and consistency |
| ASTM C94 | ASTM International | Specifications for ready-mixed concrete delivery, inspection, and control procedures |
| GB/T 14902 | Standardization Administration of China | Production quality and construction practices for ready-mix concrete |
| AS 1379 | Standards Australia | Quality management and third-party testing requirements for concrete |
| Certification | Region | Primary Focus |
|---|---|---|
| LEED | North America | Environmental performance and resource-efficiency ratings of concrete within building projects |
| BREEAM | United Kingdom | Life-cycle environmental impact assessment for building materials |
| China Green-Material Label | China | Star-rating system guiding procurement of certified green building materials |
| EPD (Environmental Product Declaration) | Global | Transparent disclosure of product carbon footprints to support international project bids |
As global infrastructure investment, urban renewal initiatives, and green‐building principles gain momentum, the concrete sector is presented with unprecedented growth avenues:
Infrastructure build-out and urbanization continue to accelerate worldwide. According to the International Cement Association, the global concrete market is projected to grow at a 3–4% CAGR over the next five years. In China, driven by new-type urbanization and large-scale renovation projects, the ready-mix segment is expected to expand at 6–7% annually. This backdrop offers concrete producers ample room to broaden their market footprint.
Automation, IoT, and big-data analytics are increasingly embedded in concrete production. Deploying digital management platforms and “smart factory” solutions can dramatically boost output efficiency, reduce material waste, and lower energy consumption. The China Building Materials Federation reports that intelligent equipment now penetrates over 45% of newly commissioned ready mix plants—creating a powerful lever to cut costs and improve batch‐to‐batch consistency.
To advance low-carbon growth and sustainable construction, governments worldwide are rolling out financial incentives, tax credits, and procurement preferences for eco-friendly concrete and green building materials. Through targeted R&D and process upgrades, companies can capture these policy dividends and strengthen their competitive position.
Breakthroughs such as self-compacting concrete, high-performance mixtures, and 3D‐printed structures are emerging from both industry and academia. These technologies not only enhance durability, aesthetics, and precision but also enable tailored solutions for complex projects. Meanwhile, transdisciplinary partnerships—particularly between universities, research institutes, and industry—are unlocking new pathways for process innovation and supply‐chain integration.
Despite these tailwinds, the concrete industry faces a set of persistent obstacles:
Cement, sand, and aggregates account for a large share of production costs, with cement alone representing up to 40% of total inputs. Tighter environmental controls and supply-chain constraints have driven pronounced price swings, squeezing producers’ margins.
Although digital and automated technologies are on the rise, many small and mid-sized enterprises lack the capital or expertise to adopt advanced systems. A dearth of engineers and operators skilled in smart-plant tools and data analytics further limits the pace of technology diffusion.
Stringent air-quality, wastewater, and carbon-emission standards (e.g., under the U.S. Clean Air Act, China’s Pollution Prevention Law, and the EU’s CBAM) compel firms to upgrade pollution-control equipment and refine production processes—entailing significant CAPEX and higher operating costs.
Leading global and regional players leverage superior technology, brand recognition, and integrated supply chains to dominate key markets, placing smaller producers at a cost disadvantage. At the same time, emerging-market dynamics are highly heterogeneous—offering high growth potential but also fragmenting competition and raising barriers to scale.
To capitalize on the aforementioned opportunities and mitigate existing challenges, enterprises and relevant authorities should adopt the following strategic measures to ensure the concrete industry’s steady and sustainable growth:
This white paper has provided a comprehensive analysis of the concrete industry—covering market size, technological breakthroughs, competitive dynamics, regulatory landscapes, and the sector’s opportunities and challenges. The insights underscore that the industry stands at the threshold of a triple transformation: intelligent production, environmental sustainability, and global integration. By aligning strategies with these trends—through persistent R&D, agile management, and proactive policy compliance—enterprises can secure long-term resilience and growth.
| Institution/Document Title | Data/Description | Author(s)/Affiliation | Publisher/Publishing Institution | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Cement Association (ICA) | Global concrete market CAGR of 3–4% expected over next 5 years | ICA | International Cement Association | 2024 |
| China Building Materials Federation (CBMF) | Smart equipment penetration >45% in new ready-mix concrete plants | CBMF | China Building Materials Federation | 2024 |
| U.S. Congress – Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) | $1.2 trillion allocated to infrastructure (bridges, highways, water, power) | U.S. Congress | United States Federal Government | 2021 |
| State Council of the People’s Republic of China – 14th Five-Year Plan | Focus on new urbanization, transportation powerhouse, and smart cities | PRC State Council | PRC State Council | 2021 |
| European Commission – Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) | Subsidies for high-performance, low-carbon concrete in green infrastructure | European Commission | European Union | 2020 |
| Government of Saudi Arabia – Vision 2030 | Vision 2030 drives large-scale urban developments (e.g., NEOM) and demand for high-temperature durable concrete | Saudi Government | Government of Saudi Arabia | 2016 |
| Government of India – National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) | China plans $1.5T infrastructure investment over the next decade | Ministry of Road Transport & Highways | Government of India | 2021 |
| ISO 22965 | Commercial concrete terminology, performance specs, and factory control standards | ISO | International Organization for Standardization | 2007 |
| EN 206 | Concrete classification, mix design, durability, and quality consistency | CEN | European Committee for Standardization | 2013 |
| ASTM C94 | Delivery standards, inspection protocols, and QC processes for commercial concrete | ASTM | ASTM International | 2019 |
| GB/T 14902 | Production quality standards and construction specifications for commercial concrete | SAC | Standardization Administration of China | 2018 |
| AS 1379 | Finished concrete quality management and third-party inspection mechanisms | Standards Australia | Standards Australia | 2007 |
| U.S. Green Building Council – LEED | Eco-friendliness and resource efficiency ratings for concrete applications | USGBC | US Green Building Council | 2000 |
| Building Research Establishment – BREEAM | Whole-life cycle environmental impact assessment for building materials | BRE | Building Research Establishment | 1990 |
| Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) | China Green Building Material Certification star-rating system | MOHURD | Ministry of Housing & Urban-Rural Development | 2014 |
| EPD International – Environmental Product Declaration | Transparent disclosure of product carbon footprint | EPD International | Global EPD Programme | 2012 |
| China Academy of Building Research | Construction waste micronization activation tech boosts recycled aggregate concrete strength to C50, cuts cost by 30% | China Academy of Building Research | China Academy of Building Research | 2023 |
| University of Science and Technology Beijing | CO₂ mineralization curing in Xiong’an New Area reduces concrete carbon footprint by 21kg/m³ | USTB | University of Science & Technology Beijing | 2022 |
| Heidelberg Materials (HeidelbergCement) | World’s first concrete kiln CCUS project sequesters 100k tons CO₂/year | Heidelberg Materials | HeidelbergCement | 2023 |
| CNBM & Conch Cement | Calcium carbide slag replacing limestone cuts clinker emissions below 350kg/ton | CNBM & Conch Cement | CNBM / Conch Cement | 2024 |
| SAP | End-to-end SCM system for concrete production improves inventory turnover by 25% | SAP | SAP SE | 2022 |
| Glodon | BIM quantity software holds 41% market share, shortens settlement cycles by 40% | Glodon | Glodon | 2023 |
| Siemens | Industry-leading PLC and automated pumping systems | Siemens | Siemens AG | 2023 |
| Huawei & CSCEC West Construction | BIM+5G collaboration platform reduces design changes by 30% | Huawei & CSCEC West Construction | Huawei Technologies | 2023 |
| HBC Radiomatic | Wireless remote control enables precise concrete pump boom operation | HBC Radiomatic | HBC Radiomatic | 2022 |
| MX3D (Netherlands) | 3D-printed recycled aggregate bridges cut material waste by 60%, costs by 30% | MX3D | MX3D | 2023 |
| Shanghai Construction Group | UHPC-RC composite beams shorten construction time by 50%, win National Tech Progress Award | Shanghai Construction Group | Shanghai Construction Group | 2022 |
| VICON (Netherlands) | Nano-enhanced industrial waste blends improve compressive strength by 20% | VICON | VICON | 2023 |
| European Concrete Association (ECA) | Shared low-carbon concrete patents cut carbon capture costs by 30% | ECA | European Concrete Association | 2021 |
To aid reader comprehension of the specialized content in this white paper, key industry terms are defined as follows: